Evidence-Based Hormone Therapies

Healthy women

Healthy young women (38 references)

1. Wu Y, Liu J, Qu L, Eisenegger C, Clark L, Zhou X. Single dose testosterone administration reduces loss chasing in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Sep;71:54-7
2. Chen C, Decety J, Huang PC, Chen CY, Cheng Y. Testosterone administration in females modulates moral judgment and patterns of brain activation and functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016 Oct;37(10):3417-30.
3. Kopsida E, Berrebi J, Petrovic P, Ingvar M. Testosterone Administration Related Differences in Brain Activation during the Ultimatum Game. Front Neurosci. 2016 Mar 1;10:66
4. Olsson A, Kopsida E, Sorjonen K, Savic I. Testosterone and estrogen impact social evaluations and vicarious emotions: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Emotion. 2016 Jun;16(4):515-23.
5. van Honk J, Will GJ, Terburg D, Raub W, Eisenegger C, Buskens V. Effects of testosterone administration on strategic gambling in poker play. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 4;6:18096
6. Pintzka CW, Evensmoen HR, Lehn H, Håberg AK. Changes in spatial cognition and brain activity after a single dose of testosterone in healthy women. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Feb 1;298(Pt B):78-90.
7. Enter D, Terburg D, Harrewijn A, Spinhoven P, Roelofs K. Single dose testosterone administration alleviates gaze avoidance in women with Social Anxiety Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Jan;63:26-33
8. Huang G, Pencina KM, Coady JA, Beleva YM, Bhasin S, Basaria S. Functional voice testing detects early changes in vocal pitch in women during testosterone administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2254-60
9. Chen C, Chen CY, Yang CY, Lin CH, Cheng Y. Testosterone modulates preattentive sensory processing and involuntary attention switches to emotional voices. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Mar 15;113(6):1842-9.
10. Sharma AN, Aoun P, Wigham JR, Weist SM, Veldhuis JD. Estradiol, but not testosterone, heightens cortisol-mediated negative feedback on pulsatile ACTH secretion and ACTH approximate entropy in unstressed older men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 May;306(9):R627-35.
11. Enter D, Spinhoven P, Roelofs K. Alleviating social avoidance: effects of single dose testosterone administration on approach-avoidance action. Horm Behav. 2014 Apr;65(4):351
12. Montoya ER, Terburg D, Bos PA, Will GJ, Buskens V, Raub W, van Honk J. Testosterone administration modulates moral judgments depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Aug;38(8):1362-9
13. Bos PA, Hermans EJ, Ramsey NF, van Honk J. The neural mechanisms by which testosterone acts on interpersonal trust. Neuroimage. 2012 Jul 2;61(3):730-7.
14. Van Rooij K, Bloemers J, de Leede L, Goldstein I, Lentjes E, Koppeschaar H,  Olivier B, Tuiten A. Pharmacokinetics of three doses of sublingual testosterone in healthy premenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Jun;37(6):773-81.
15. Eisenegger C, Naef M. Combining behavioral endocrinology and experimental economics: testosterone and social decision making. J Vis Exp. 2011 Mar 2;(49).
16. Bos PA, Terburg D, van Honk J. Testosterone decreases trust in socially naive humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 1;107(22):9991-5.
17. Hermans EJ, Bos PA, Ossewaarde L, Ramsey NF, Fernández G, van Honk J. Effects of exogenous testosterone on the ventral striatal BOLD response during reward anticipation in healthy women. Neuroimage. 2010 Aug 1;52(1):277-83.
18. Eisenegger C, Naef M, Snozzi R, Heinrichs M, Fehr E. Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature. 2010 Jan 21;463(7279):356-9.
19. Bos PA, Hermans EJ, Montoya ER, Ramsey NF, van Honk J. Testosterone administration modulates neural responses to crying infants in young females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010 Jan;35(1):114-21.
20. Van Wingen G, Mattern C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar J, Fernández G. Testosterone reduces amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex coupling. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010 Jan;35(1):105-13.
21. Aarts H, van Honk J. Testosterone and unconscious positive priming increase human motivation separately. Neuroreport. 2009 Sep 23;20(14):1300-3.
22. Zethraeus N, Kocoska-Maras L, Ellingsen T, von Schoultz B, Hirschberg AL, Johannesson M. A randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on economic behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6535-8.
23. Van Wingen G, Mattern C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar J, Fernández G. Testosterone biases automatic memory processes in women towards potential mates. Neuroimage. 2008 Oct 15;43(1):114-20.
24. Hermans EJ, Putman P, Baas JM, Gecks NM, Kenemans JL, van Honk J. Exogenous testosterone attenuates the integrated central stress response in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Sep-Nov;32(8-10):1052-61.
25. Hermans EJ, Ramsey NF, van Honk J. Exogenous testosterone enhances responsiveness to social threat in the neural circuitry of social aggression in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 1;63(3):263-70.
26. Van Honk J, Schutter DJ. Testosterone reduces conscious detection of signals serving social correction: implications for antisocial behavior. Psychol Sci. 2007 Aug;18(8):663-7.
27. Ahuja D, Mateika JH, Diamond MP, Badr MS. Ventilatory sensitivity to carbon dioxide before and after episodic hypoxia in women treated with testosterone. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 May;102(5):1832-8.
28. Hermans EJ, Putman P, van Honk J. Testosterone administration reduces empathetic behavior: a facial mimicry study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Aug;31(7):859-66.
29. Apperloo M, Midden M, van der Stege J, Wouda J, Hoek A, Weijmar Schultz W. Vaginal application of testosterone: A study on pharmacokinetics and the sexual response in healthy volunteers. J Sex Med. 2006 May;3(3):541-9.
30. Hermans EJ, Putman P, Baas JM, Koppeschaar HP, van Honk J. A single administration of testosterone reduces fear-potentiated startle in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 May 1;59(9):872-4.
31. Schutter DJ, Peper JS, Koppeschaar HP, Kahn RS, van Honk J. Administration of testosterone increases functional connectivity in a cortico-cortical depression circuit. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005 Summer;17(3):372-7.
32. Van Honk J, Peper JS, Schutter DJ. Testosterone reduces unconscious fear but not consciously experienced anxiety: implications for the disorders of fear and anxiety. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 1;58(3):218-25.
33. Van Honk J, Schutter DJ, Hermans EJ, Putman P, Tuiten A, Koppeschaar H. Testosterone shifts the balance between sensitivity for punishment and reward in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Aug;29(7):937-43.
34. Dolan S, Wilkie S, Aliabadi N, Sullivan MP, Basgoz N, Davis B, Grinspoon S.  Effects of testosterone administration in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with low weight: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Apr 26;164(8):897-904.
35. Aleman A, Bronk E, Kessels RP, Koppeschaar HP, van Honk J. A single administration of testosterone improves visuospatial ability in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Jun;29(5):612-7.
36. Tuiten A, Van Honk J, Koppeschaar H, Bernaards C, Thijssen J, Verbaten R. Time course of effects of testosterone administration on sexual arousal in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;57(2):149-53;
37. Van Honk J, Tuiten A, Hermans E, Putman P, Koppeschaar H, Thijssen J, Verbaten R, van Doornen L. A single administration of testosterone induces cardiac accelerative responses to angry faces in healthy young women. Behav Neurosci. 2001 Feb;115(1):238-42.
38. Postma A, Meyer G, Tuiten A, van Honk J, Kessels RP, Thijssen J. Effects of testosterone administration on selective aspects of object-location memory in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000 Aug;25(6):563-75.

Young women undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures (2 references)

39. Sipe CS, Thomas MR, Stegmann BJ, Van Voorhis BJ. Effects of exogenous testosterone supplementation in gonadotrophin stimulated cycles. Hum Reprod. 2010 Mar;25(3):690-6.
40. Massin N, Cedrin-Durnerin I, Coussieu C, Galey-Fontaine J, Wolf JP, Hugues JN. Effects of transdermal testosterone application on the ovarian response to FSH in poor responders undergoing assisted reproduction technique–a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Hum Reprod. 2006 May;21(5):1204-11.

Testosterone-deficient women

Women of all ages with overt testosterone deficiency of all ages, serum testosterone level below the lower reference limit (5 references)

41. Huang G, Tang E, Aakil A, Anderson S, Jara H, Davda M, Stroh H, Travison TG, Bhasin S, Basaria S. Testosterone dose-response relationships with cardiovascular risk markers in androgen-deficient women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jul;99(7):E1287-93
42. Lin E, McCabe E, Newton-Cheh C, Bloch K, Buys E, Wang T, Miller KK. Effects of transdermal testosterone on natriuretic peptide levels in women: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2012 Feb;97(2):489-93.
43. Van Wingen GA, Zylicz SA, Pieters S, Mattern C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar JK, Fernández G. Testosterone increases amygdala reactivity in middle-aged women to a young adulthood level. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Feb;34(3):539-47.
44. Miller KK, Biller BM, Schaub A, Pulaski-Liebert K, Bradwin G, Rifai N, Klibanski A. Effects of testosterone therapy on cardiovascular risk markers in androgen-deficient women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2474-9.
45. Sherman JC, Swearingen B, Loeffler J, Klibanski A. Effects of testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;91(5):1683-90.

Sexual dysfunction (20 references)

46. Van Rooij K, Poels S, Worst P, Bloemers J, Koppeschaar H, Goldstein A, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Efficacy of testosterone combined with a PDE5 inhibitor and testosterone combined with a serotonin (1A) receptor agonist in women with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. A preliminary study. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 Apr 15;753:246-51.
47. Fooladi E, Bell RJ, Jane F, Robinson PJ, Kulkarni J, Davis SR. Testosterone improves antidepressant-emergent loss of libido in women: findings from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2014 Mar;11(3):831-9.
48. Poels S, Bloemers J, van Rooij K, Goldstein I, Gerritsen J, van Ham D, van Mameren F, Chivers M, Everaerd W, Koppeschaar H, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Toward personalized sexual medicine (part 2): testosterone combined with a PDE5 inhibitor increases sexual satisfaction in women with HSDD and FSAD, and a low sensitive system for sexual cues. J Sex Med. 2013 Mar;10(3):810-23.
49. Van Rooij K, Poels S, Bloemers J, Goldstein I, Gerritsen J, van Ham D, van Mameren F, Chivers M, Everaerd W, Koppeschaar H, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Toward personalized sexual medicine (part 3): testosterone combined with a Serotonin1A receptor agonist increases sexual satisfaction in women with HSDD and FSAD, and dysfunctional activation of sexual inhibitory mechanisms. J Sex Med. 2013 Mar;10(3):824-37.
50. Van der Made F, Bloemers J, Yassem WE, Kleiverda G, Everaerd W, van Ham D, Olivier B, Koppeschaar H, Tuiten A. The influence of testosterone combined with a PDE5-inhibitor on cognitive, affective, and physiological sexual functioning in women suffering from sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009 Mar;6(3):777-90.

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Quality of life, energy: the association with higher testosterone levels in women (3 references)

1. Laan ETM, Prins JM, van Lunsen RHW, Nieuwkerk PT, Nievaard-Boon MAF. Testosterone insufficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: a cross-sectional study. Sex Med. 2018 Dec 3. pii: S2050-1161(18)30091-6.
2. Gotmar A, Hammar M, Fredrikson M, Samsioe G, Nerbrand C, Lidfeldt J, Spetz AC. Symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women in relation to testosterone concentrations: data from the women’s health in the lund area (whila) study. Climacteric. 2008 Aug;11(4):304-14.
3. Abrahamsson L, Hackl H, Lindstrom B, Sogn J. Long-term treatment of virilized women with cyproterone acetate. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1981 Sep 18;93(17):552-6

Lower quality of life, fatigue: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (3 references)

1. Dolan Looby SE, Collins M, Lee H, Grinspoon S. Effects of long-term testosterone administration in HIV-infected women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2009 May 15;23(8):951-9.
2. Glaser R, York AE, Dimitrakakis C. Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in women measured by the validated menopause rating scale (mrs). Maturitas. 2011 Apr;68(4):355-61
3. Goldstat R, Briganti E, Tran J, Wolfe R, Davis SR. Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause. 2003 Sep-Oct;10(5):390-8

Lower physical performance: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Cardinale M, Stone MH. Is testosterone influencing explosive performance? J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Feb;20(1):103-7

Lower physical performance: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Huang G, Basaria S, Travison TG, Ho MH, Davda M, Mazer NA, Miciek R, Knapp PE, Zhang A, Collins L, Ursino M, Appleman E, Dzekov C, Stroh H, Ouellette M, Rundell T, Baby M, Bhatia NN, Khorram O, Friedman T, Storer TW, Bhasin S. Testosterone dose-response relationships in hysterectomized women with or without oophorectomy: effects on sexual function, body composition, muscle performance and physical function in a randomized trial. 2014 Jun;21(6):612-23.

Depression: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (6 references)

1. Laan ETM, Prins JM, van Lunsen RHW, Nieuwkerk PT, Nievaard-Boon MAF. Testosterone insufficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: a cross-sectional study. Sex Med. 2018 Dec 3. pii: S2050-1161(18)30091-6.
2. Gettler LT1, Oka RC2. Are testosterone levels and depression risk linked based on partnering and parenting? Evidence from a large population-representative study of U.S. men and women. Soc Sci Med. 2016 Aug;163:157-67
3. Kumsar Ş, Kumsar NA, Sağlam HS, Köse O, Budak S, Adsan Ö. Testosterone levels and sexual function disorders in depressive female patients: effects of antidepressant treatment. J Sex Med. 2014 Feb;11(2):529-35.
4. Oulis P, Masdrakis VG, Markianos M. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in female anxious and non-anxious major depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Jan;18(1):21-4 Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Jan;18(1):21-4.
5. Cho J, Su X, Phillips V, Holditch-Davis D. Associations of Maternal and Infant. Testosterone and Cortisol Levels With Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Infant. Socioemotional Problems. Biol Res Nurs. 2016 Jan;18(1):31-42.

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Depression: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (3 references)

1. Miller KK, Perlis RH, Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Losifescu DV, Brick DJ, Fava M. Low-dose transdermal testosterone augmentation therapy improves depression severity in women. CNS Spectr. 2009 Dec;14(12):688-94.
2. Dolan Looby SE, Collins M, Lee H, Grinspoon S. Effects of long-term testosterone administration in HIV-infected women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2009 May 15;23(8):951-9.
3. Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, Casson PR, Buster JE, Redmond GP, Burki RE, Ginsburg ES, Rosen RC, Leiblum SR, Caramelli KE, Mazer NA. Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 7;343(10):682-8

Schizophrenia (negative symptoms): the association with lower serum testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Goyal RO, Sagar R, Ammini AC, Khurana ML, Alias AG. Negative correlation between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and testosterone levels Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1032:291-4

Anxiety: the association with low testosterone levels in women (3 references)

1. Oulis P, Masdrakis VG, Markianos M. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in female anxious and non-anxious major depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Jan;18(1):21-4
2. Giltay EJ, Enter D, Zitman FG, Penninx BW, van Pelt J, Spinhoven P, Roelofs K. Salivary testosterone: associations with depression, anxiety disorders, and antidepressant use in a large cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Mar;72(3):205-13.
3. Landen M, Baghaei F, Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjorntorp P, Eriksson E. Dyslipidemia and high waist-hip ratio in women with self-reported social anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Sep;29(8):1037-46

Anxiety: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (5 references)

1. van Peer JM, Enter D, van Steenbergen H, Spinhoven P, Roelofs K. Exogenous testosterone affects early threat processing in socially anxious and healthy women. Biol Psychol. 2017 Oct;129:82-89.
2. Enter D, Spinhoven P, Roelofs K. Alleviating social avoidance: effects of single-dose testosterone administration on approach-avoidance action. Horm Behav. 2014 Apr;65(4):351-4.
3. Hermans EJ, Putman P, Baas JM, Koppeschaar HP, van Honk J. A single administration of testosterone reduces fear-potentiated startle in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 May 1;59(9):872-4
4. van Honk J, Peper JS, Schutter DJ. Testosterone reduces unconscious fear but not consciously experienced anxiety: implications for the disorders of fear and anxiety. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 1;58(3):218-25
5. Montgomery JC, Appleby L, Brincat M, Versi E, Tapp A, Fenwick PB, Studd JW. Effect of oestrogen and testosterone implants on psychological disorders in the climacteric. 1987 Feb 7;1(8528):297-9

Good memory: the association with higher testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Simpson E, Davis S. Why do the clinical sequelae of estrogen deficiency affect women more than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):2214

Memory: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (3 references)

1. Davis SR, Jane F, Robinson PJ, Davison SL, Worsley R, Maruff P, Bell RJ. Transdermal testosterone improves verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women not on oestrogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Oct;81(4):621-8.
2. Davison SL, Bell RJ, Gavrilescu M, Searle K, Maruff P, Gogos A, Rossell SL, Adams J, Egan GF, Davis SR. Testosterone improves verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women: Results from a pilot study. 2011 Nov;70(3):307-11.
3. Wisniewski AB, Nguyen TT, Dobs AS. Evaluation of high-dose estrogen and high-dose estrogen plus methyltestosterone treatment on cognitive task performance in postmenopausal women. Horm Res. 2002;58(3):150-5

Cognitive impairment, memory loss: no improvement with testosterone treatment in women (2 references)

1. Huang G, Wharton W, Travison TG, Ho MH, Gleason C, Asthana S, Bhasin S, Basaria S. Effects of testosterone administration on cognitive function in hysterectomized women with low testosterone levels: a dose-response randomized trial. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015 Apr;38(4):455-61.
2. Kocoska-Maras L, Zethraeus N, Rådestad AF, Ellingsen T, von Schoultz B, Johannesson M, Hirschberg AL. A randomized trial of the effect of testosterone and estrogen on verbal fluency, verbal memory, and spatial ability in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2011 Jan;95(1):152-7.

Cognitive impairment, memory loss: the worsening with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Möller MC, Bartfai AB, Rådestad AF. Effects of testosterone and estrogen replacement on memory function. Menopause. 2010 Sep-Oct;17(5):983-9.

Sleep disorders and poor sleep quality: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Davis A, Gilbert K, Misiowiec P, Riegel B. Perceived effects of testosterone replacement therapy in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: an internet pilot study. Health Care Women Int. 2003 Nov;24(9):831-48

Sleep apnea: the association with high testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Zhou XS, Rowley JA, Demirovic F, Diamond MP, Badr MS. Effect of testosterone on the apneic threshold in women during nrem sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jan;94(1):101-7.

Love in women: the association with higher testosterone in women (1 reference)

1. Marazziti D, Canale D. Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Aug;29(7):931-6

Sexual desire: the association with higher testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Van Anders SM. Testosterone and sexual desire in healthy women and men. Arch Sex Behav. 2012 Dec;41(6):1471-84.  

High sexual function, sexual drive, sexual gratification, intercourse frequency: the association with higher testosterone levels in women (7 references)

1. Chaikittisilpa S, Soimongkol K, Jaisamrarn U. Efficacy of oral estrogen plus testosterone gel to improve sexual function in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2019 Feb 27:1-6.
2. Tungmunsakulchai R, Chaikittisilpa S, Snabboon T, Panyakhamlerd K, Jaisamrarn U, Taechakraichana N. Effectiveness of a low dose testosterone undecanoate to improve sexual function in postmenopausal women. BMC Womens Health. 2015 Dec 2;15:113.
3. Fernandes T, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM. Efficacy of vaginally applied estrogen, testosterone, or polyacrylic acid on sexual function in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1262-70.
4. Huang G, Basaria S, Travison TG, Ho MH, Davda M, Mazer NA, Miciek R, Knapp PE, Zhang A, Collins L, Ursino M, Appleman E, Dzekov C, Stroh H, Ouellette M, Rundell T, Baby M, Bhatia NN, Khorram O, Friedman T, Storer TW, Bhasin S. Testosterone dose-response relationships in hysterectomized women with or without oophorectomy: effects on sexual function, body composition, muscle performance and physical function in a randomized trial. 2014 Jun;21(6):612-23.
5. Costantino A, Cerpolini S, Alvisi S, Morselli PG, Venturoli S, Meriggiola MC. A prospective study on sexual function and mood in female-to-male transsexuals during testosterone administration and after sex reassignment surgery. J Sex Marital Ther. 2013;39(4):321-35.

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Sexuality function: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (24 references)

1. Chaikittisilpa S, Soimongkol K, Jaisamrarn U. Efficacy of oral estrogen plus testosterone gel to improve sexual function in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2019 Feb 27:1-6.
2. Tungmunsakulchai R, Chaikittisilpa S, Snabboon T, Panyakhamlerd K, Jaisamrarn U, Taechakraichana N. Effectiveness of a low dose testosterone undecanoate to improve sexual function in postmenopausal women. BMC Womens Health. 2015 Dec 2;15:113.
3. Fernandes T, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM. Efficacy of vaginally applied estrogen, testosterone, or polyacrylic acid on sexual function in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1262-70.
4. Raghunandan C, Agrawal S, Dubey P, Choudhury M, Jain A. A comparative study of the effects of local estrogen with or without local testosterone on vulvovaginal and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med. 2010 Mar;7(3):1284-90.
5. Davis SR, McCloud P, Strauss BJ, Burger H. Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. 2008 Sep-Oct;61(1-2):17-26

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Sarcopenia: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (2 references)

1. Yuki A, Ando F, Otsuka R, Shimokata H. Low free testosterone is associated with loss of appendicular muscle mass in Japanese community-dwelling women. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015 Mar;15(3):326-33.
2. Douchi T, Yoshimitsu N, Nagata Y. Relationships among serum testosterone levels, body fat and muscle mass distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J. 2001 Dec;48(6):685-9

Sarcopenia: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ. Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2 Pt 1):E317-25

Muscle strength: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Huang G, Basaria S, Travison TG, Ho MH, Davda M, Mazer NA, Miciek R, Knapp PE, Zhang A, Collins L, Ursino M, Appleman E, Dzekov C, Stroh H, Ouellette M, Rundell T, Baby M, Bhatia NN, Khorram O, Friedman T, Storer TW, Bhasin S. Testosterone dose-response relationships in hysterectomized women with or without oophorectomy: effects on sexual function, body composition, muscle performance and physical function in a randomized trial. Menopause. 2014 Jun;21(6):612-23. 

Lean body mass: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (2 references)

1. Sowers MF, Beebe JL, McConnell D, Randolph J, Jannausch M. Testosterone concentrations in women aged 25-50 years: associations with lifestyle, body composition, and ovarian status. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Feb 1;153(3):256-64
2. Douchi T, Yamamoto S, Oki T, Maruta K, Kuwahata R, Nagata Y. Serum androgen levels and muscle mass in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Sep;94(3):337-40

Lean body mass: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (6 references)

1. Huang G, Basaria S, Travison TG, Ho MH, Davda M, Mazer NA, Miciek R, Knapp PE, Zhang A, Collins L, Ursino M, Appleman E, Dzekov C, Stroh H, Ouellette M, Rundell T, Baby M, Bhatia NN, Khorram O, Friedman T, Storer TW, Bhasin S..Testosterone dose-response relationships in hysterectomized women with or without oophorectomy: effects on sexual function, body composition, muscle performance and physical function in a randomized trial. Menopause. 2014 Jun;21(6):612-23.
2. van Geel TA, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Sels JP, Dinant GJ. Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Apr;160(4):681-7
3. Davis SR, McCloud P, Strauss BJ, Burger H. Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Maturitas. 2008 Sep-Oct;61(1-2):17-26
4. Dobs AS, Nguyen T, Pace C, Roberts CP. Differential effects of oral estrogen versus oral estrogen-androgen replacement therapy on body composition in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1509-16
5. Davis SR, Walker KZ, Strauss BJ. Effects of estradiol with and without testosterone on body composition and relationships with lipids in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):395-401

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Higher HDL and lower triglyceride levels: the association with higher testosterone levels (2 references)

1. Khatibi A, Agardh CD, Shakir YA, Nerbrand C, Nyberg P, Lidfeldt J, Samsioe G. Could androgens protect middle-aged women from cardiovascular events? A population-based study of Swedish women: The Women’s Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Climacteric. 2007 Oct;10(5):386-92
2. Shakir YA, Samsioe G, Nyberg P, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Agardh CD. Do sex hormones influence features of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged women? A population-based study of Swedish women: the Women’s Health in the Lund  Area (WHILA) Study. Fertil Steril. 2007 Jul;88(1):163-71

Hypercholesterolemia: the improvement with testosterone treatment (associated to estrogen treatment) (3 references)

1. Britto R, Araújo L, Barbosa I, Silva L. Improvement of the lipid profile in postmenopausal women who use estradiol and testosterone implants. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012 Oct;28(10):767-9.
2. Fernández-Carvajal J, Luz-Araujo H, Guerra-Velázquez M, Reyna-Villasmil E, Santos-Bolívar J, Torres-Cepeda D, Mejia-Montilla J, Reyna-Villasmil N. Lipid profile modifications in post-menopausal women treated with testosterone gel. Endocrinol Nutr. 2012 Jan;59(1):44-9.
3. Flöter A, Nathorst-Böös J, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Serum lipids in oophorectomized women during estrogen and testosterone replacement therapy. 2004 Feb 20;47(2):123-9.

HDL cholesterol in women: the improvement (increase) with testosterone treatment (1 reference)

1. Davis SR, Walker KZ, Strauss BJ. Effects of estradiol with and without testosterone on body composition and relationships with lipids in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):395-401.  Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Australia.

Atherosclerosis (increased carotid intima media thickness): the association with lower testosterone levels in women (6 references)

1. Ma Q, Cheng QL, Ma J, Ao QG, Tan GJ, Zhi G. Low testosterone levels are inversely correlated with carotid artery plaque formation in elderly women. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2013 Nov;29(6):554-8.
2. Shiraki N, Nakashima A, Doi S, Carrero JJ, Sugiya N, Ueno T, Stenvinkel P, Kohno N, Masaki T. Low serum testosterone is associated with atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2014 Jun;18(3):499-506.
3. Debing E, Peeters E, Duquet W, Poppe K, Velkeniers B, Van den Brande P. Endogenous sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women undergoing carotid artery endarterectomy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jun;156(6):687-93
4. Golden SH, Maguire A, Ding J, Crouse JR, Cauley JA, Zacur H, Szklo M. Endogenous postmenopausal hormones and carotid atherosclerosis: a case-control study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Mar 1;155(5):437-45
5. Bernini GP, Moretti A, Sgró M, Argenio GF, Barlascini CO, Cristofani R, Salvetti Influence of endogenous androgens on carotid wall in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2001 Jan-Feb;8(1):43-50

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Atherosclerosis: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Worboys S, Kotsopoulos D, Teede H, McGrath B, Davis SR. Evidence that parenteral testosterone therapy may improve endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in postmenopausal women already receiving estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):158-61

Arterial hypertension: the association with low testosterone levels in men (6 references)

1. Jiang Y, Ye J, Zhao M, Tan A, Zhang H, Gao Y, Lu Z, Wu C, Hu Y, Wang Q, Yang X, Mo Z. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum testosterone concentrations and hypertension: results from the Fangchenggang area male health and examination survey in China. Clin Chim Acta. 2018 Dec;487:90-95.
2. Kumagai H, Zempo-Miyaki A, Yoshikawa T, Tsujimoto T, Tanaka K, Maeda S. Lifestyle modification increases serum testosterone level and decrease central blood pressure in overweight and obese men. Endocr J. 2015;62(5):423-30.
3. Malan NT, Stalder T, Schlaich MP, Lambert GW, Hamer M, Schutte AE, Huisman HW, Schutte R, Smith W, Mels CM, van Rooyen JM, Malan L. Chronic distress and acute vascular stress responses associated with ambulatory blood pressure in low-testosterone African men: the SABPA Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2014 Jun;28(6):393-8.
4. Malan NT, Hamer M, Schutte AE, Huisman HW, van Rooyen JM, Schutte R, Mels CM, Steyn HS, Smith W, Fourie CM, Glyn M, Malan L. Low testosterone and hyperkinetic blood pressure responses in a cohort of South African men: the SABPA Study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2013;35(3):228-35.
5. Garcia-Cruz E, Piqueras M, Huguet J, Perez-Marquez M, Gosalbez D, Peri L, Izquierdo L, Luque P, Ribal MJ, Alcaraz A. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and overweight are related to lower testosterone levels in a cohort of men undergoing prostate biopsy. Int J Impot Res. 2012 May-Jun;24(3):110-3.

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Arterial hypertension: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Kumagai H, Zempo-Miyaki A, Yoshikawa T, Tsujimoto T, Tanaka K, Maeda S. Lifestyle modification increases serum testosterone level and decrease central blood pressure in overweight and obese men. Endocr J. 2015;62(5):423-30.

Coronary artery disease: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (3 references)

1. Laughlin GA, Goodell V, Barrett-Connor E. Extremes of endogenous testosterone are associated with increased risk of incident coronary events in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):740-7.
2. Kaczmarek A, Reczuch K, Majda J, Banasiak W, Ponikowski P. The association of lower testosterone level with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Int J Cardiol. 2003 Jan;87(1):53-7.
3. Golden SH, Maguire A, Ding J, Crouse JR, Cauley JA, Zacur H, Szklo M. Endogenous postmenopausal hormones and carotid atherosclerosis: a case-control study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Mar 1;155(5):437-45

Coronary heart disease: the association with lower estrogen/testosterone ratio in women (1 reference)

1. Dai W, Li Y, Zheng H. Estradiol/Testosterone imbalance: impact on coronary heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. Cardiology. 2012;121(4):249-54.

Coronary artery disease: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (2 references)

1. Chou TM, Sudhir K, Hutchison SJ, Ko E, Amidon TM, Collins P, Chatterjee K. Testosterone induces dilation of canine coronary conductance and resistance arteries in vivo. Circulation. 1996 Nov 15;94(10):2614-9
2. Lesser MA. Testosterone propionate therapy in one hundred cases of angina pectoris. J Clin Endocrinol. 1946;6:549-557.

Heart failure: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Iellamo F, Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Karam R, Massaro R, Fini M, Collins P, Rosano GM. Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Oct 12;56(16):1310-6.

Heart failure: no significant improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Schwartz JB, Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Marazzi G, Fini M, Rosano GM, Iellamo F. Effects of testosterone on the Q-T interval in older men and older women with chronic heart failure. Int J Androl. 2011 Oct;34(5 Pt 2)

Stroke risk: no association with testosterone levels in women (1 reference)

1. Glisic M, Mujaj B, Rueda-Ochoa OL, Asllanaj E, Laven JSE, Kavousi M, Ikram MK, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Franco OH, Bos D, Muka T. Associations of endogenous estradiol and testosterone levels with plaque composition and risk of stroke in subjects with carotid atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2018 Jan 5;122(1):97-105.

Rheumatism: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (3 references)

1. Lashkari M, Noori A, Oveisi S, Kheirkhah M. Association of serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Electron Physician. 2018 Mar 25;10(3):6500-6505.
2. Pikwer M, Giwercman A, Bergström U, Nilsson JÅ, Jacobsson LT, Turesson C. Association between testosterone levels and risk of future rheumatoid arthritis in men: a population-based case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Mar;73(3):573-9.
3. Sambrook PN, Eisman JA, Champion GD, Pocock NA. Sex hormone status and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31(8):973-8

Rheumatism: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Booji A, Biewenga-Booji CM, Huber-Bruning O, Cornelis C, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Androgens as adjuvant treatment in postmenopausal female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 Nov;55(11):811-5

Height loss and hip fractures: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (2 references)

1. Jassal SK, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein S. Low bioavailable testosterone levels predict future height loss in postmenopausal women. J Bone Min Res. 1995;10(4):650-3
2. Davidson BJ, Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Hammond GD, Siiteri PK, Judd HL. Total and free estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal women with hip fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Jan;54(1):115-20

Obesity: the improvement with testosterone treatment in women (2 references)

1. van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Gooren LJ. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Sep;47(3):337-42
2. Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ. Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2 Pt 1):E317-25

Cancer: the association with lower testosterone levels in women (3 references)

1. Dimitrakakis C1, Zava D, Marinopoulos S, Tsigginou A, Antsaklis A, Glaser R. Low salivary testosterone levels in patients with breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2010 Oct 11;10:547.
2. Rinaldi S, Dossus L, Lukanova A, Peeters PH, Allen NE, Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, et al. Endogenous androgens and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jan;16(1):23-9
3. Inutsuka S, Kodama Y, Natsuda Y, Kumashiro R, Maekawa T. Serum testosterone level of patients with gastric carcinoma before and after gastrectomy. Cancer. 1986 Dec 15;58(12):2675-9

Breast cancer: the improvement with testosterone treatment (reduced risk or reduced recurrence risk) in women (3 references)

1. Glaser RL, Dimitrakakis C. Reduced breast cancer incidence in women treated with subcutaneous testosterone, or testosterone with anastrozole: a prospective, observational study. Maturitas. 2013 Dec;76(4):342-9.
2. Dimitrakakis C, Jones RA, Liu A, Bondy CA. Breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women using testosterone in addition to usual hormone therapy. Menopause. 2004 Sep-Oct;11(5):531-535
3. Natrajan PK, Soumakis K, Gambrell RD Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Aug;181(2):288-95

Breast cancer: the improvement with testosterone and anastrozole implant treatment in the breast containing a malignant tumor in women (1 reference)

1. Glaser RL, Dimitrakakis C. Rapid response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant intramammary testosterone-anastrozole therapy: neoadjuvant hormone therapy in breast cancer. Menopause. 2014 Jun;21(6):673-8. 

Metastatic breast cancer: the improvement (regression, stabilization) with testosterone treatment in women with treatment-resistant metastatic breast cancer (1 reference)

1. Boni C, Pagano M, Panebianco M, Bologna A, Sierra NM, Gnoni R, Formisano D, Bisagni G. Therapeutic activity of testosterone in metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2014 Mar;34(3):1287-90.