Evidence-Based Hormone Therapies

IGF-1

Insulin-like-growth-factor 1 or IGF-1, also called somatomedin C, belongs to a class of growth-promoting hormones that are sensitive to the action of growth hormone. IGF-1 or somatomedin C is the major one and its production is strongly influenced by growth hormone. In blood, slightly more than two-thirds of IGF-1 circulates bound to a plasma protein called IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein). Other IGF’s include IGF-2 (somatomedin A).

HEALTHY ADULTS

 

Pharmacokinetics:
Pharmacokinetics: the improvement (longer half-life of 140-200h, reduced negative feedback on GH secretion, with 4 days of subcutaneous injections of PEGylated IGF-1 in healthy adults (1 reference)
  1. Kletzl H, Guenther A, Höflich A, Höflich C, Frystyk J, Staack RF, Schick E, Wandel C, Bleich N, Metzger F. First-in-man study with a novel PEGylated recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2017 Apr;33:9-16.
Pharmacokinetics: single intravenous perfusions and subcutaneous injections of IGF-1 in healthy men (1 reference)
  1. Morgan JM, Piraino AJ, Hirschhorn WL, Capuzzi DM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor. Am J Ther. 1995 May;2(5):320-327.
Pharmacokinetics: single and repeated subcutaneous injections of IGF-1 in healthy adults (1 reference)
  1. Wilton P, Sietnieks A, Gunnarsson R, Berger L, Grahnén A. Pharmacokinetic profile of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I given subcutaneously in normal subjects. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1991;377:111-4.
Growth hormone secretion: the inhibition with subcutaneous injections of IGF-1 in healthy men, this negative feedback is attenuated by pharmacological doses of testosterone supplementation (1 reference)
  1. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bailey JN, Adeniji A, Miles JM, Paulo R, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C. Testosterone supplementation in older men restrains insulin-like growth factor’s dose-dependent feedback inhibition of pulsatile growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;94(1):246-54.
Growth hormone secretion: the inhibition with a single intravenous perfusion of IGF-1 in healthy middle-aged and older men; this negative feedback is attenuated by high doses of testosterone supplementation (1 reference)
  1. Veldhuis JD, Anderson SM, Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY. Testosterone blunts feedback inhibition of growth hormone secretion by experimentally elevated insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1613-7.
Growth hormone secretion: the blunted inhibition with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in older men compared to younger men (1 reference)
  1. Veldhuis JD, Weltman JY, Weltman AL, Iranmanesh A, Muller EE, Bowers CY. Age and secretagogue type jointly determine dynamic growth hormone responses to exogenous insulin-like growth factor-negative feedback in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5542-8.
Growth hormone secretion: the inhibition with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in healthy young women, this negative feedback is blocked by pharmacological doses of arginine (25-40 g) supplementation (1 reference)
  1. Gianotti L, Maccario M, Lanfranco F, Ramunni J, Di Vito L, Grottoli S, Muller EE, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Arginine counteracts the inhibitory effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on the somatotroph responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Oct;85(10):3604-8.
Growth hormone secretion: the inhibition with subcutaneous injections of IGF-1 in postmenopausal women, this negative feedback is attenuated by estradiol supplementation (1 reference)
  1. Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bailey JN, Adeniji A, Miles JM, Paulo R, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C. Estradiol supplementation in postmenopausal women attenuates suppression of pulsatile growth hormone secretion by recombinant human insulin-like growth factor type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;93(11):4471-8
Growth hormone secretion: the inhibition with a single intravenous perfusion of IGF-1 in postmenopausal women this negative feedback is aggravated by oral estradiol supplementation (1 reference)
  1. Veldhuis JD, Anderson SM, Kok P, Iranmanesh A, Frystyk J, Ørskov H, Keenan DM. Estradiol supplementation modulates growth hormone (GH) secretory-burst waveform and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I-enforced suppression of endogenously driven GH release in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;89(3):1312-8.
Detection in sports and effects on athletes:
Use in sport: the detection of the use of 4 weeks of very high doses of subcutaneous injections of IGF-1/IGF-BP-3 in healthy female and male athletes (1 reference)
  1. Holt RI, Guha N, Böhning W, Bartlett C, Cowan DA, Sönksen PH, Böhning D. Novel markers to detect recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I)/rhIGF binding protein-3 (rhIGFBP-3) misuse in athletes. Drug Test Anal. 2017 Jan;9(1):30-37.
Use in sport: the detection of the use of 4 weeks of very high doses of subcutaneous injections of IGF-1/IGF-BP-3 in healthy female and male athletes (1 reference)
  1. Guha N, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, Bartlett C, Nevitt SP, Francis M, Bassett EE, Cowan DA, Sönksen PH, Holt RI. Biochemical markers of insulin-like growth factor-I misuse in athletes: the response of serum IGF-I, procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide, and the GH-2000 score to the administration of rhIGF-I/rhIGF binding protein-3 complex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):2259-68.
Use in sport: the detection of the use of 4 weeks of very high doses of subcutaneous injections of IGF-1/IGF-BP-3 in healthy female and male athletes (1 reference)
  1. Guha N, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, Nevitt SP, Francis M, Bartlett C, Cowan DA, Bassett EE, Sönksen PH, Holt RI. Biochemical markers of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I)/rhIGF binding protein-3 (rhIGFBP-3) misuse in athletes. Drug Test Anal. 2013 Nov-Dec;5(11-12):843-9.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max): the improvement (7% increase) with 4 weeks of very high doses of subcutaneous injections of IGF-1/IGF-BP-3 in healthy athletes (1 reference)
  1. Guha N, Nevitt SP, Francis M, Woodland JA, Böhning D, Sönksen PH, Holt RI. The Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 administration on body composition and physical fitness in recreational athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):3126-31.

 

ADULTS WITH DISORDER:

 

Adults with type 1 diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: the improvement of insulin sensitivity with short-term (1 week = 7 days) of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 treatment in young adult patients with no effect on glomerular hyperfiltration or albumin excretion rates (1 reference)
  1. Williams RM, Yuen K, White D, Mallard B, Dalton RN, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Short-term suppression of elevated growth hormone concentrations following insulin-like growth factor 1 administration in young adults with type 1 diabetes does not alter glomerular filtration or albumin excretion rates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Oct;65(4):439-45.  
Type 1 diabetes: the dose-dependent improvement (reduction of the excessive overnight growth hormone secretion, increases in insulin sensitivity with up to 41% reduction in insulin requirements) with 2 days of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 therapy in young (adolescent and adult) patients (1 reference)
  1. Saukkonen T, Amin R, Williams RM, Fox C, Yuen KC, White MA, Umpleby AM, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/IGF binding protein-3 complex on overnight growth hormone secretion and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4634-41.
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement with a single intravenous perfusion of IGF-1 in young adult patients (1 reference)
  1. Acerini CL, Harris DA, Matyka KA, Watts AP, Umpleby AM, Russell-Jones DL, Dunger DB. Effects of low-dose recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on insulin sensitivity, growth hormone and glucagon levels in young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1998 Dec;47(12):1481-9.
Adults, adolescents, and children, with type 1 diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: the improvement (reduction of HbA1C without increases in hypoglycemia) with 12 weeks of IGF1 treatment in young to older patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin (1 reference)
  1. Quattrin T, Thrailkill K, Baker L, Kuntz e J, Compton P, Martha P; rhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group. Improvement of HbA1c without increased hypoglycemia in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin. rhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;14(3):267-77.
Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reduction of insulin requirements to -49% and serum glucose to -23%) with 2 weeks of IGF-1/IGFB-3 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Clemmons DR, Moses AC, McKay MJ, Sommer A, Rosen DM, Ruckle J. The combination of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 reduces insulin requirements in insulin-dependent type 1diabetes: evidence for in vivo biological activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1518-24.
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reduction of 11-19% insulin requirements and additional reduction of 0.5% serum HbA1c) with 12 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in children to older adult patients taking already insulin (1 reference)
  1. Thrailkill KM, Quattrin T, Baker L, Kuntze JE, Compton PG, Martha PM Jr. Cotherapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I and insulin improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. RhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1999 Apr;22(4):585-92.  
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reductions in serum HbA1c) with 24 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in adolescent and young adult patients (The greatest reductions in HbA1c at week 24 were seen among patients with the greatest changes in IGF-I concentrations) (1 reference)
  1. Acerini CL, Patton CM, Savage MO, Kernell A, Westphal O, Dunger DB. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I plus intensive insulin therapy in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1997 Oct 25;350(9086):1199-204.
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (direct reduction in insulin requirements) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in adolescent and young adult female patients (1 reference)
  1. Crowne EC, Samra JS, Cheetham T, Watts A, Holly JM, Dunger DB. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I abolishes changes in insulin requirements consequent upon growth hormone pulsatility in young adults with type I diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1998 Jan;47(1):31-8.  
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reductions in glycemia, serum HbA1c, and insulin requirements) with 4 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Quattrin T, Thrailkill K, Baker L, Litton J, Dwigun K, Rearson M, Poppenheimer M, Giltinan D, Gesundheit N, Martha P Jr. Dual hormonal replacement with insulin and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in IDDM. Effects on glycemic control, IGF-I levels, and safety profile. Diabetes Care. 1997 Mar;20(3):374-80.

 

Adults with type 2 diabetes:
Superficial punctate keratopathy after cataract surgery: the prevention with 2 weeks of eyedrops containing IGF-1 and substance P peptides in type 2 diabetic patients (1 reference)
  1. Chikamoto N, Chikama T, Yamada N, Nishida T, Ishimitsu T, Kamiya A. Efficacy of substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 peptides for preventing postsurgical superficial punctate keratopathy in diabetic patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2009 Sep;53(5):464-9.
Type 2 diabetes requiring insulin: the improvement (reduction of glycemia and reduced need for insulin) with 1 week (7 days) of IGF1/IGFBP-3 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Clemmons DR, Sleevi M, Allan G, Sommer A. Effects of combined recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 in type 2 diabetic patients on glycemic control and distribution of IGF-I and IGF-II among serum binding protein complexes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2652-8.

 

Adults with heart failure:
Chronic heart failure: the improvement (increases in cardiac output, stroke volume, and reduction in systemic vascular resistance, right atrial pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure) with 4 hours of intravenous IGF-1 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Donath MY, Sütsch G, Yan XW, Piva B, Brunner HP, Glatz Y, Zapf J, Follath F, Froesch ER, Kiowski W. Acute cardiovascular effects of insulin-like growth factor I in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3177-83.

 

Adults with liver cirrhosis:
Liver cirrhosis: the improvement (higher serum albumin, and in alcoholics, higher resting energy expenditure) with 4 months of high doses of IGF-1 treatment in patients with alcoholic or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and subnormal IGF-I levels (1 reference)
  1. Conchillo M, de Knegt RJ, Payeras M, Quiroga J, Sangro B, Herrero JI, Castilla-Cortazar I, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Yoshizawa C, Jansen PL, Scharschmidt B, Prieto J. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) replacement therapy increases albumin concentration in liver cirrhosis: results of a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol. 2005 Oct;43(4):630-6

 

Adults with renal failure:
Chronic renal failure: the improvement (increased glomerular filtration rates) with 24 days of IGF-1 treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease (1 reference)
  1. Vijayan A, Franklin SC, Behrend T, Hammerman MR, Miller SB. Insulin-like growth factor I improves renal function in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4 Pt 2):R929-34.  

 

Patients with traumatic brain injury:
Traumatic brain injury: the improvement with 2 weeks of a combined IGF-1 and growth hormone treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Hatton J, Kryscio R, Ryan M, Ott L, Young B. Systemic metabolic effects of combined insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone therapy in patients who have sustained acute traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2006 Dec;105(6):843-52.

 

Adults with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the improvement (dose-dependent slower progression and decline in quality of life) with 9 months of IGF-1 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Lai EC, Felice KJ, Festoff BW, Gawel MJ, Gelinas DF, Kratz R, Murphy MF, Natter HM, Norris FH, Rudnicki SA. Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on progression of ALS. A placebo-controlled study. The North America ALS/IGF-I Study Group. Neurology. 1997 Dec;49(6):1621-30.

 

Adults with overweight or obesity:
Overweight: the improvement (equal reduction in truncal and limb fat) with 12 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in obese postmenopausal women (1 reference)
  1. Taaffe DR, Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Hoffman AR, Marcus R. Recombinant human growth hormone, but not insulin-like growth factor-I, enhances central fat loss in postmenopausal women undergoing a diet and exercise program. Horm Metab Res. 2001 Mar;33(3):156-62.
Obesity: the improvement (reduction in weight and fat mass with muscle preservation) with 12 weeks of IGF-1 treatment and even more with combined IGF-1 and GH treatments in moderately obese postmenopausal women (1 reference)
  1. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-84.

 

Adult women with anorexia nervosa:
Serum ghrelin: the improvement (increase) with IGF-1 treatment in women with anorexia nervosa (1 reference)
  1. Grinspoon S, Miller KK, Herzog DB, Grieco KA, Klibanski A. Effects of estrogen and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on ghrelin secretion in severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3988-93.
Anorexia nervosa: the improvement (increases in IGF-I and IGFBP-2 and decreases in IGFBP-3) with 9 months of IGF-1 treatment in young osteopenic female patients (1 reference)
  1. Grinspoon S, Miller K, Herzog D, Clemmons D, Klibanski A. Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and estrogen administration on IGF-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in anorexia nervosa: a randomized-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1142-9.
Anorexia nervosa the improvement with 6 days of IGF-1 treatment (increase in bone turnover) in osteopenic women with anorexia nervosa (1 reference)
  1. Grinspoon S, Baum H, Lee K, Anderson E, Herzog D, Klibanski A. Effects of short-term recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I administration on bone turnover in osteopenic women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Nov;81(11):3864-70.

 

Adults and children with severe burns:
Severe burns: the improvement (partial restoration of cytokine Th1 productions and reduction of the excessive Th2 cytokine IL4 production) with 1 week of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 treatment in children and adult patients (1 reference)
  1. Wolf SE, Woodside KJ, Ramirez RJ, Kobayashi M, Suzuki F, Herndon DN. Insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 alters lymphocyte responsiveness following severe burn. J Surg Res. 2004 Apr;117(2):255-61.

 

Adults with growth hormone deficiency:
Bone alkaline B1: the reduction with 1 week of IGF-1 treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency, whereas growth hormone treatment increases the B1 (1 reference)
  1. Magnusson P, Degerblad M, Sääf M, Larsson L, Thorén M. Different responses of bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms during recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and during growth hormone therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Feb;12(2):210-20.

 

Adults with HIV infection:
AIDS: the persistent improvement in lean body mass with 12 weeks of IGF-1 treatment only at high doses in patients (1 reference)
  1. Waters D, Danska J, Hardy K, Koster F, Qualls C, Nickell D, Nightingale S, Gesundheit N, Watson D, Schade D. Recombinant human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and combination therapy in AIDS-associated wasting. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Dec 1;125(11):865-72.
AIDS: the improvement (reduction of fat mass but minimal increase in lean body mass) with 12 weeks of combined IGF-1 and growth hormone treatment in patients with AIDS wasting syndrome (1 reference)
  1. Ellis KJ, Lee PD, Pivarnik JM, Bukar JG, Gesundheit N. Changes in body composition of human immunodeficiency virus-infected males receiving insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Aug;81(8):3033-8.

 

Adults with myodystrophy:
Myotonic dystrophy: the metabolic and muscle improvement with 4 months of IGF-1 treatment in highly dosed patients (1 reference)
  1. Vlachopapadopoulou E, Zachwieja JJ, Gertner JM, Manzione D, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Slonim AE. Metabolic and clinical response to recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in myotonic dystrophy–a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec;80(12):3715-23.

 

Adults after gastrointestinal surgery:
Recovery after gastrectomy: the effects of 5 days of IGF-1 treatment in patients (1 reference)
  1. Goeters C, Mertes N, Tacke J, Bolder U, Kuhmann M, Lawin P, Löhlein D. Repeated administration of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in patients after gastric surgery. Effect on metabolic and hormonal patterns. Ann Surg. 1995 Nov;222(5):646-53.
Recovery after large bowel resection: the improvement (nitrogen-sparing effect) with IGF-1 treatment in the first 5 postoperative days in patients (1 reference)
  1. Leinsköld T, Permert J, Olaison G, Larsson J. Effect of postoperative insulin-like growth factor I supplementation on protein metabolism in humans. Br J Surg. 1995 Jul;82(7):921-5.
Recovery after major gastrointestinal surgery: the improvement (increased IGF bioactivity, fall in serum cholesterol, potassium and creatinine levels, rise in creatinine clearance) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in patients (1 reference)
  1. Miell JP, Taylor AM, Jones J, Buchanan CR, Rennie J, Sherwood R, Leicester R, Ross RJ. Administration of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I to patients following major gastrointestinal surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Dec;37(6):542-51.

 

Children with autism:
Autism: the improvement with 3 months of IGF-1 therapy in children with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), which causes a monogenic form of autism (1 reference)
  1. Kolevzon A, Bush L, Wang AT, Halpern D, Frank Y, Grodberg D, Rapaport R, Tavassoli T, Chaplin W, Soorya L, Buxbaum JD. A pilot-controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-1 in children with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Mol Autism. 2014 Dec 12;5(1):54.

 

Children with growth hormone receptor deficiency:
Growth hormone receptor deficiency: the improvement (growth increase) with 1 year of IGF-1 treatment in children with growth hormone receptor deficiency (1 reference)
  1. Guevara-Aguirre J, Vasconez O, Martinez V, Martinez AL, Rosenbloom AL, Diamond FB Jr, Gargosky SE, Nonoshita L, Rosenfeld RG. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial on safety and efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in children with growth hormone receptor deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1393-8.

 

Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (in glucose and protein metabolism: reduced hepatic glucose production rate (Ra), increased peripheral glucose uptake, and reduced protein breakdown) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in diabetic children, but no effect on lipid metabolism (1 reference)
  1. Simpson HL, Jackson NC, Shojaee-Moradie F, Jones RH, Russell-Jones DL, Sönksen PH, Dunger DB, Umpleby AM. Insulin-like growth factor I has a direct effect on glucose and protein metabolism, but no effect on lipid metabolism in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):425-32  
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (corrects GH/IGF/ IGFBP abnormalities) with 4 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in diabetic children treated with insulin (1 reference)
  1. Thrailkill K, Quattrin T, Baker L, Litton J, Dwigun K, Rearson M, Poppenheimer M, Kotlovker D, Giltinan D, Gesundheit N, Martha P Jr. Dual hormonal replacement therapy with insulin and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on the growth hormone/IGF/IGF-binding protein system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Apr;82(4):1181-7.
Type 1 diabetes: the changes 6 hours after (increases in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3, and reductions in serum IGFBP2) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in adolescent patients (1 reference)
  1. Cheetham TD, Taylor A, Holly JM, Clayton K, Cwyfan-Hughes S, Dunger DB. The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) administration on the levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding proteins in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol. 1994 Aug;142(2):367-74.
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reductions in excessive GH secretion) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in adolescent patients (1 reference)
  1. Cheetham TD, Clayton KL, Taylor AM, Holly J, Matthews DR, Dunger DB. The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on growth hormone secretion in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994 Apr;40(4):515-22.  
Type 1 diabetes: the improvement (reductions in insulin requirements and serum free insulin) with a single subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 in adolescent patients (1 reference)
  1. Cheetham TD, Jones J, Taylor AM, Holly J, Matthews DR, Dunger DB. The effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I administration on growth hormone levels and insulin requirements in adolescents with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993 Jul;36(7):678-81.
Glucose kinetics or insulin sensitivity during a hyperglycemic clamp: no significant change with 5 weeks of IGF-1 treatment in older women (9 references)
  1. Braun B, Friedlander AL, Pollack M, Butterfield GE, Marcus R, Hoffman AR. Five weeks of insulin-like growth factor-I treatment does not alter glucose kinetics or insulin sensitivity during a hyperglycemic clamp in older women. Metabolism. 2003 Sep;52(9):1182-90.

Read all references and abstracts

Lower quality of life, lower vigor and activity, and fatigue: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (5 references)
  1. Nageeb RS, Hashim NA, Fawzy A. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in multiple sclerosis: relation to cognitive impairment and fatigue. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2018;54(1):25.
  2. Lucia Casadonte CJ, Brown J, Strople J, Neighbors K, Fei L, Alonso EM. Low Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Influences Fatigue and Quality of Life in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Nov;67(5):616-621.
  3. Molon G, Adamo E, De Ferrari GM, Accardi F, Dalla Vecchia E, Sallusti L, Ciaffoni S, Barbieri E. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with advanced heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007 Nov;8(11):917-22
  4. Lasaite L, Bunevicius R, Lasiene D, Lasas L. Psychological functioning after growth hormone therapy in adult growth hormone deficient patients: endocrine and body composition correlates. Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(8):740-4
  5. Stouthart PJ, Deijen JB, Roffel M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Jul;28(5):612-26
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (1 reference)
  1. Okamoto I, Munakata M, Miyazaki M, Satoh T, Takahata T, Takamatsu Y, Muto O, Koike K, Ishitani K, Mukaiyama T, Sakata Y, Nakagawa K, Tamura K. Disturbance of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis associated with poor performance status in patients with solid tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar;40(3):222-6.
Depression: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (5 references)
  1. Zhang W, Wang W, Kuang L. The relation between insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and risk of depression in ischemic stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;33(2):e228-e233.
  2. Lin F, Suhr J, Diebold S, Heffner KL. Associations between depressive symptoms and memory deficits vary as a function of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels in healthy older adults. 2014 Apr;42:118-23.
  3. Lasaite L, Bunevicius R, Lasiene D, Lasas L. Psychological functioning after growth hormone therapy in adult growth hormone deficient patients: endocrine and body composition correlates. Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(8):740-4
  4. Stouthart PJ, Deijen JB, Roffel M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Jul;28(5):612-26
  5. Malberg JE, Platt B, Rizzo SJ, Ring RH, Lucki I, Schechter LE, Rosenzweig-Lipson S. Increasing the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I by an IGF binding protein inhibitor produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Nov;32(11):2360-8
Depression: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (1 reference)
  1. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-84
Anxiety: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (3 references)
  1. Stouthart PJ, Deijen JB, Roffel M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Jul;28(5):612-26
  2. Malberg JE, Platt B, Rizzo SJ, Ring RH, Lucki I, Schechter LE, Rosenzweig-Lipson S. Increasing the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I by an IGF binding protein inhibitor produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Nov;32(11):2360-
  3. Uhde TW, Malloy LC, Slate SO. Fearful behavior, body size, and serum IGF-I levels in nervous and normal pointer dogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992 Sep;43(1):263-9
Anxiety: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (2 references)
  1. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-842.
  2. Darnaudéry M, Perez-Martin M, Bélizaire G, Maccari S, Garcia-Segura LM. Insulin-like growth factor 1 reduces age-related disorders induced by prenatal stress in female rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Jan;27(1):119-27
Memory loss, cognitive impairment: the association with low IGF-1 levels (19 references)
  1. Nageeb RS, Hashim NA, Fawzy A. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in multiple sclerosis: relation to cognitive impairment and fatigue. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2018;54(1):25.
  2. Wennberg AMV, Hagen CE, Machulda MM, Hollman JH, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Mielke MM. The association between peripheral total IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 and functional and cognitive outcomes in the mayo clinic study of aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2018 Jun;66:68-74.
  3. Prelevic V, Radunovic D, Antunovic T, Ratkovic M, Gligorovic-Bahranovic N, Gledovic B, Vujosevic S, Nedovic-Vukovic M, Basic-Jukic N. Increased serum level of igf-1 correlates with better cognitive status in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2018 Apr;22(2):118-123.
  4. Jiang J, Chen Z, Liang B, Yan J, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. 2015 Dec 18;4:787.
  5. Picillo M, Pivonello R, Santangelo G, Pivonello C, Savastano R, Auriemma R, Amboni M, Scannapieco S, Pierro A, Colao A, Barone P, Pellecchia MT. Serum IGF-1 is associated with cognitive functions in early, drug-naïve Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 24;12(10):e0186508

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Memory loss, cognitive impairment: no association with IGF-1 levels (2 references)                            
  1. Wennberg AMV, Hagen CE, Machulda MM, Hollman JH, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Mielke MM. The association between peripheral total IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 and functional and cognitive outcomes in the Mayo clinic study of aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2018 Jun;66:68-74.
  2. Licht CM1, van Turenhout LC2, Deijen JB3, Koppes LL4, van Mechelen W5, Twisk JW6, Drent ML7. The association between IGF-1 polymorphisms, IGF-1 serum levels, and cognitive functions in healthy adults: The longitudinal Amsterdam growth and health study. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:181327
Memory loss, cognitive impairment: no association with IGF-1 levels (1 reference)           
  1. Frater J, Lie D, Bartlett P, McGrath JJ. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) as a marker of cognitive decline in normal ageing: A review. Ageing Res Rev. 2018 Mar;42:14-27.
Memory loss, cognitive impairment: the association with higher IGF-1 levels (2 references)
  1. Perice L, Barzilai N, Verghese J, Weiss EF, Holtzer R, Cohen P, Milman S. Lower circulating insulin-like growth factor-I is associated with better cognition in females with exceptional longevity without compromise to muscle mass and function. Aging (Albany NY). 2016 Oct 14;8(10):2414-2424.
  2. Salem L, Saleh N, Désaméricq G, Youssov K, Dolbeau G, Cleret L, Bourhis ML, Azulay JP, Krystkowiak P, Verny C, Morin F, Moutereau S; French Huntington Study Group, Bachoud-Lévi AC, Maison P. Insulin-like growth factor-1 but not insulin predicts cognitive decline in Huntington’s disease. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 14;11(9):e0162890.
Cognitive impairment: the association with high IGF-1 levels (1 reference)
  1. Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 26;16:38.
Memory loss: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (4 references)
  1. Sonntag WE, Ramsey M, Carter CS. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their influence on cognitive aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2005 May;4(2):195-212
  2. Arwert LI, Veltman DJ, Deijen JB, Lammertsma AA, Jonker C, Drent ML. Memory performance and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in elderly: a positron emission tomography study. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;81(1):31-40
  3. Watanabe T, Yamamoto H, Idei T, Iguchi T, Katagiri T. Influence of insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor on carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive function in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;18(1):67-74
  4. Saatman KE, Contreras PC, Smith DH, Raghupathi R, McDermott KL, Fernandez SC,Sanderson KL, Voddi M, McIntosh TK. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves both neurological motor and cognitive outcome following experimental brain injury. Exp Neurol. 1997 Oct;147(2):418-27
Vascular dementia: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (2 references)
  1. Quinlan P, Horvath A, Nordlund A, Wallin A,Svensson J, Low serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level is associated with increased risk of vascular dementia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Dec;86:169-175.
  2. Watanabe T, Miyazaki A, Katagiri T, Yamamoto H, Idei T, Iguchi T. Relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Oct;53(10):1748-53
Poor sleep: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (2 references)
  1. Prinz PN, Moe KE, Dulberg EM, Larsen LH, Vitiello MV, Toivola B, Merriam GR. Higher plasma IGF-1 levels are associated with increased delta sleep in healthy older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Jul;50(4):M222-6
  2. Ursavas A, Karadag M, Ilcol YO, Ercan I, Burgazlioglu B, Coskun F, Gozu RO. Low level of IGF-1 in obesity may be related to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Lung. 2007 Sep-Oct;185(5):309-14
Sleep apnea: the association wih lower IGF-1 levels (4 references)
  1. Xie CB, Huang XQ, Wu P, Luo X, He J, Zeng JF, Wang W, Tang YY. Expression and significance of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Apr;32(7):481-484.
  2. Mysliwiec V, Gill J, Matsangas P, Baxter T, Barr T, Roth BJ. IGF-1: a potential biomarker for efficacy of sleep improvement with automatic airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea? Sleep Breath. 2015 Dec;19(4):1221-8.
  3. Zhu J, Fang Y, Wang HF, Chen X, Yu DJ, Shen Y. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 concentrations in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Respir Care. 2015 Apr;60(4):593-602.
  4. Makino S, Fujiwara M, Handa H, Fujie T, Aoki Y, Hashimoto K, Terada Y, Sugimoto T. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and insulin-like growth factor I levels in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Apr;76(4):593-601.
Sexual dysfunction: the improvement with insulin (2 references)
  1. Pu XY, Wang XH, Gao WC, Yang ZH, Li SL, Wang HP, Wu YL. Insulin-like growth factor-1 restores erectile function in aged rats: modulation the integrity of smooth muscle and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling activity. J Sex Med. 2008 Jun;5(6):1345-54
  2. Hu WL, Hu LQ, Li SW, Zheng XM. Reconstruction of erectile reflex circuit by autologous vein graft combined with use of insulin-like growth factor. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Aug 2;84(15):1280-2
Lower fertility: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (1 reference)
  1. Colombo JB, Naz RK. Modulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the seminal plasma of infertile men. J Androl. 1999 Jan-Feb;20(1):118-25
Lower lean mass, sarcopenia, higher fat mass: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (9 references)
  1.  Engvall IL, Elkan AC, Tengstrand B, Cederholm T, Brismar K, Hafstrom I. Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with inflammatory activity, physical disability, and low bioavailable insulin-like growth factor. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep-Oct;37(5):321-8.
  2. Gómez JM. Serum leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I components and sex-hormone binding globulin. Relationship with sex, age and body composition in healthy population. Protein Pept Lett. 2007;14(7):708-11
  3. Axelsson J, Qureshi AR, Divino-Filho JC, Bárány P, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. Are insulin-like growth factor and its binding proteins 1 and 3 clinically useful as markers of malnutrition, sarcopenia and inflammation in end-stage renal disease? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;60(6):718-26
  4. Payette H, Roubenoff R, Jacques PF, Dinarello CA, Wilson PW, Abad LW, Harris T. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin 6 predict sarcopenia in very old community-living men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Sep;51(9):1237-43
  5. Waters DL, Yau CL, Montoya GD, Baumgartner RN. Serum Sex Hormones, IGF-1, and IGFBP3 Exert a Sexually Dimorphic Effect on Lean Body Mass in Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Jul;58(7):648-52

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Body composition: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (6 references)
  1. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-84
  2. Woods KA, Camacho-Hübner C, Bergman RN, Barter D, Clark AJ, Savage MO. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) therapy on body composition and insulin resistance in IGF-I gene deletion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1407-11
  3. Ng EH, Rock CS, Lazarus DD, Stiaino-Coico L, Moldawer LL, Lowry SF. Insulin-like growth factor I preserves host lean tissue mass in cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol. 1992 Mar;262(3 Pt 2):R426-31
  4. Hayes VY, Urban RJ, Jiang J, Marcell TJ, Helgeson K, Mauras N. Recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I diminish the catabolic effects of hypogonadism in man: metabolic and molecular effects. J  Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2211-9
  5. Herndon DN, Ramzy PI, DebRoy MA, Zheng M, Ferrando AA, Chinkes DL, Barret JP, Wolfe RR, Wolf SE. Muscle protein catabolism after severe burn: effects of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 treatment. Ann Surg. 1999 May;229(5):713-20

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Hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia: the association with lower IGF-1 hormone levels (3 references)
  1. Colangelo LA, Liu K, Gapstur SM; CARDIA Male Hormone Study. Insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young black men and white men: the CARDIA Male Hormone Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 15;160(8):750-7
  2. Mårin P, Kvist H, Lindstedt G, Sjöström L, Björntorp P. Low concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in abdominal obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Feb;17(2):83-9
  3. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Cherry L, Watt P, Sattar N. The association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with incident coronary heart disease in women: findings from the prospective British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Nov;201(1):198-204
Arterial hypertension: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (7 references)
  1. Schutte AE, Schutte R, Smith W, Huisman HW, Mels CM, Malan L, Fourie CM, Malan NT, Van Rooyen JM, Kruger R, Conti E. Compromised bioavailable IGF-1 of black men relates favourably to ambulatory blood pressure: The SABPA study. Atherosclerosis. 2014 Mar;233(1):139-44.
  2. Zhang L, Curhan GC, Forman JP. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 level and risk of incident hypertension in nondiabetic women. J Hypertens. 2011 Feb;29(2):229-35
  3. Sesti G, Sciacqua A, Scozzafava A, Vatrano M, Angotti E, Ruberto C, Santillo E, Parlato G, Perticone F. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on cardiac hypertrophy of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2007 Feb;25(2):471-7
  4. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Cherry L, Watt P, Sattar N. The association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with incident coronary heart disease in women: findings from the prospective British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Nov;201(1):198-204
  5. Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Rizzo MR, Rotondi M, Gualdiero P, Gambardella A, Barbieri M, Carella C, Giugliano D, Varricchio M. Mean arterial blood pressure and serum levels of the molar ratio of insulin-like growth factor-1 to its binding protein-3 in healthy centenarians.J Hypertens. 1999 Jan;17(1):67-73.

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Coronary heart disease: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (6 references)
  1. Dizdarević-Hudić L, Kusljugić Z, Baraković F, Hajder M, Hudić I. Do growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 affect prognosis in patients with killip I and II class acute myocardial infarction? Acta Clin Croat. 2016 Sep;55(3):345-353.
  2. Hu WS, Hwang JM. Association of serum cytokines, human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 with coronary artery disease. Chin J Physiol. 2012 Aug 31;55(4):267-73.
  3. Conti E, Andreotti F, Sestito A, Riccardi P, Menini E, Crea F, Maseri A, Lanza GA. Reduced levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with angina pectoris, positive exercise stress test, and angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Apr 15;89(8):973-5.
  4. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Cherry L, Watt P, Sattar N. The association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with incident coronary heart disease in women: findings from the prospective British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Nov;201(1):198-204
  5. Sekuri C, Arslan O, Utük O, Bayturan O, Onur E, Tezcan UK, Tavli T. Serum level of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in acute coronary syndromes and relationship with prognosis. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2004 Sep;4(3):209-12

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Coronary heart disease and other cardiac diseases: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (5 references)
  1. Conti E, Musumeci MB, Assenza GE, Quarta G, Autore C, Volpe M. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1: a new cardiovascular disease treatment option? Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2008 Oct;6(4):258-71
  2. Davis ME, Hsieh PC, Takahashi T, Song Q, Zhang S, Kamm RD, Grodzinsky AJ, Anversa P, Lee RT. Local myocardial insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) delivery with biotinylated peptide nanofibers improves cell therapy for myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 23;103(21):8155-60
  3. Serose A, Prudhon B, Salmon A, Doyennette MA, Fiszman MY, Fromes Y. Administration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves both structure and function of delta-sarcoglycan deficient cardiac muscle in the hamster. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005 Mar;100(2):161-70
  4. Duerr RL, McKirnan MD, Gim RD, Clark RG, Chien KR, Ross J Jr. Cardiovascular effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone in chronic left ventricular failure in the rat. Circulation. 1996 Jun 15;93(12):2188-96
  5. Duerr RL, Huang S, Miraliakbar HR, Clark R, Chien KR, Ross J Jr. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances ventricular hypertrophy and function during the onset of experimental cardiac failure. J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):619-27
Heart failure: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (6 references)
  1. Barroso MC, Kramer F, Greene SJ, Scheyer D, Köhler T, Karoff M, Seyfarth M, Gheorghiade M, Dinh W. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein-7: potential novel biomarkers for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016 Oct 21;16(1):199.
  2. Peng J, Fu J, Deng SZ, Wang RG, Liu L, Sun DM, Xia K. Changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, and their significance in children with left-to-right shunt congenital heart disease associated with heart failure. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013 Apr;15(4):277-80.
  3. Watanabe S, Tamura T, Ono K, Horiuchi H, Kimura T, Kita T, Furukawa Y. Insulin-like growth factor axis (insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3) as a prognostic predictor of heart failure: association with adiponectin. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Nov;12(11):1214-22.
  4. Sesti G, Sciacqua A, Scozzafava A, Vatrano M, Angotti E, Ruberto C, Santillo E, Parlato G, Perticone F. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on cardiac hypertrophy of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2007 Feb;25(2):471-7
  5. Osterziel KJ, Ranke MB, Strohm O, Dietz R. The somatotrophic system in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: relation of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its alterations during growth hormone therapy to cardiac function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Jul;53(1):61-8

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Cardiovascular disease and mortality: the increase with lower IGF-1 levels (2 references)
  1. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH, Kritz-Silverstein D. The prospective association of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-1 levels with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):114-20
  2. Juul A, Scheike T, Davidsen M, Gyllenborg J, Jorgensen T. Low serum insulin-like growth factor I is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population-based case-control study. Circulation. 2002 Aug 20;106(8):939-44.
Obesity and high body mass index: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (29 references)
  1. Izumi S, Ribeiro-Filho FF, Carneiro G, Togeiro SM, Tufik S, Zanella MT. IGF-1 levels are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Apr 15;12(4):487-93.
  2. Katz LE, Gralewski KA, Abrams P, Brar PC, Gallagher PR, Lipman TH, Brooks LJ, Koren D. Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 are related to cardiovascular disease biomarkers in obese adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Mar;17(2):77-86.
  3. Bjersing JL, Erlandsson M, Bokarewa MI, Mannerkorpi K. Exercise and obesity in fibromyalgia: beneficial roles of IGF-1 and resistin? Arthritis Res Ther. 2013 Feb 27;15(1):R34.
  4. Galli G, Pinchera A, Piaggi P, Fierabracci P, Giannetti M, Querci G, Scartabelli G, Manetti L, Ceccarini G, Martinelli S, Di Salvo C, Anselmino M, Bogazzi F, Landi A, Vitti P, Maffei M, Santini F. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations are reduced in severely obese women and raise after weight loss induced by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2012 Aug;22(8):1276-80.
  5. Savastano S, Di Somma C, Pizza G, De Rosa A, Nedi V, Rossi A, Orio F, Lombardi G, Colao A, Tarantino G. Liver-spleen axis, insulin-like growth factor-(IGF)-I axis and fat mass in overweight/obese females. J Transl Med. 2011 Aug 16;9:136.

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Obesity: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (3 references)
  1. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. : J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-84
  2. Laron Z, Anin S, Klipper-Aurbach Y, Klinger B. Effects of insulin-like growth factor on linear growth, head circumference, and body fat in patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Lancet. 1992 May 23;339(8804):1258-61
  3. Hayes VY, Urban RJ, Jiang J, Marcell TJ, Helgeson K, Mauras N. Recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I diminish the catabolic effects of hypogonadism in man: metabolic and molecular effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2211-9
Metabolic syndrome: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (6 references)
  1. Liang S, Hu Y, Liu C, Qi J, Li G. Low insulin-like growth factor 1 is associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome in Chinese nondiabetic obese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2016 Jun 24;15:112.
  2. Koegelenberg AS, Schutte R, Smith W, Schutte AE. Bioavailable IGF-1 and its relation to the metabolic syndrome in a bi-ethnic population of men and women. Horm Metab Res. 2016 Feb;48(2):130-6.
  3. Mallea-Gil MS, Ballarino MC, Spiraquis A, Iriarte M, Kura M, Gimenez S, Oneto A, Guitelman M, Machado R, Miguel CM. IGF-1 levels in different stages of liver steatosis and its association with metabolic syndrome. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2012 Mar;42(1):20-6.
  4. Oh J, Kim JY, Park S, Youn JC, Son NH, Shin DJ, Lee SH, Kang SM, Jee SH, Jang Y. The relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 and metabolic syndrome, independent of adiponectin. Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Feb 18;413(3-4):506-10.
  5. Parekh N, Roberts CB, Vadiveloo M, Puvananayagam T, Albu JB, Lu-Yao GL. Lifestyle, anthropometric, and obesity-related physiologic determinants of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Mar;20(3):182-93.

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Type 1 diabetes: the association with low IGF-1 levels (12 references)
  1. Hamed MS, El-Sherbeny AA, El-Din AMB. Prepubertal IGF-1 and possible relation with physical features of growth and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019;15(5):420-428.
  2. Song W, Qiao Y, Xue J, Zhao F, Yang X, Li G. The association of insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score and height in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Growth Factors. 2018 Dec;36(5-6):274-282.
  3. Żebrowska A, Hall B, Maszczyk A, Banaś R, Urban J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin like growth factor-1 and inflammatory cytokine responses to continuous and intermittent exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes. Res Clin Pract. 2018 Oct;144:126-136.
  4. Gutefeldt K, Hedman CA, Thyberg ISM, Bachrach-Lindström M, Spångeus A, Arnqvist HJ. Dysregulated growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in adult type 1 diabetes with long duration. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018 Jul 10.
  5. Chisalita SI, Ludvigsson J. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 at Diagnosis and during Subsequent Years in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Mar 20;2018:8623560.

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Type 1 diabetes: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (1 reference)
  1. Liu F, Yu M, Zhu Q. Recombinant human IGF-1 prevents type 1 diabetes in female non-obese diabetic mice. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 Sep;34(5):281-3
Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (7 references)
  1. Touskova V, Trachta P, Kavalkova P, Drapalova J, Haluzikova D, Mraz M, Lacinova Z, Marek J, Haluzik M. Serum concentrations and tissue expression of components of insulin-like growth factor-axis in females with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: the influence of very-low-calorie diet. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 Sep 25;361(1-2):172-8.
  2. Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. Effects of intensive glycemic control on serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 May;35(5):469-72.
  3. Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I is negatively associated with serum adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Oct;21(5):268-71.
  4. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein diet on ghrelin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I and binding proteins 1 and 3 in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011 Sep;60(9):1300-11.
  5. Sesti G, Sciacqua A, Scozzafava A, Vatrano M, Angotti E, Ruberto C, Santillo E, Parlato G, Perticone F. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on cardiac hypertrophy of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2007 Feb;25(2):471-7

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Type 2 diabetes: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (4 references)
  1. Guler HP, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Short-term metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jul 16;317(3):137-4
  2. Bianda TL, Hussain MA, Keller A, Glatz Y, Schmitz O, Christiansen JS, Alberti KG, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factor-I in man enhances lipid mobilization and oxidation induced by a growth hormone pulse. Diabetologia. 1996 Aug;39(8):961-9
  3. Kerr D, Tamborlane WV, Rife F, Sherwin RS. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on the responses to and recognition of hypoglycemia in humans. A comparison with insulin. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jan;91(1):141-7
  4. Vaccarello MA, Diamond FB Jr, Guevara-Aguirre J, Rosenbloom AL, Fielder PJ, Gargosky S, Cohen P, Wilson K, Rosenfeld RG. Hormonal and metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in growth hormone receptor deficiency/Laron syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jul;77(1):273-80
Osteoarthritis: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (1 reference)
  1. Lis K. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth hormone as the markers of osteoarthritis. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 2008 Jan-Feb;73(1):49-52
Osteoarthritis: the improvement with IGF-1 treatment (2 references)
  1. Rogachefsky RA, Dean DD, Howell DS, Altman RD. Treatment of canine osteoarthritis with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and sodium pentosan polysulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1993 Apr;1(2):105-14
  2. Davies LC, Blain EJ, Gilbert SJ, Caterson B, Duance VC. The potential of IGF-1 and TGFbeta1 for promoting “adult” articular cartilage repair: an in vitro study. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008 Jul;14(7):1251-61
Rheumatoid arthritis: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (2 references)
  1. Neidel J. Changes in systemic levels of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 Jan-Feb;19(1):81-4
  2. Melikoglu MA, Karatay S, Senel K, Akcay F. Association between dynamic exercise therapy and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Feb;26(4):309-13
Fibromyalgia: the association with lower IGF-1 levels (3 references)
  1. Neidel J. Changes in systemic levels of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 Jan-Feb;19(1):81-4
  2. Leal-Cerro A, Povedano J, Astorga R, Gonzalez M, Silva H, Garcia-Pesquera F, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Sep;84(9):3378-81
  3. Samborski W, Stratz T, Schochat T, Mennet P, Müller W. Biochemical changes in fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol. 1996 May-Jun;55(3):168-73

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